as mentioned, Dynamic Alternate Routing, a.k.a sticky random routing, is a form of load shedding, and although telephone networks are circit switched, packet networks can use similar tricks by hasing flow state (e.g. by looking at source&destination IP addresses plus transport (TCP) port numbers, as an index, and then load balance traffic along similar routes - lots of techniques, most famously Valiant Load Balancing - widely used in cloud services - as usual wikipedia article on network load balancing is a decent starting point.
That's it for routing - next topics are flow&congestion control, followed by scheduling and optimisation.
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